In many changes in computer technology, the transition from Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) to Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture is an important aspect. It is the emergence and development of RISC that has greatly promoted the performance improvement and functional improvement of embedded systems. CISC English is called "Complex InstrucTIon Set Computer", which is "complex instruction system computer". Since the birth of the computer, people have been using the CISC instruction set. Early desktop software was designed by CISC and continues to this day. Currently, the popular x86 architecture for desktop computers uses CISC. Microprocessor (CPU) vendors have been taking the path of CISC, including Intel, AMD, and other vendors that have now changed their names, such as TI (Texas Instruments), IBM, and VIA (VIA). In the CISC microprocessor, the various instructions of the program are executed serially in sequence, and each operation in each instruction is also serially executed in sequence. The advantage of sequential execution is that the control is simple, but the utilization of each part of the computer is not high, and the execution speed is slow. The servers of the CISC architecture are mainly based on the IA-32 architecture (Intel Architecture, Intel architecture), and most of them are used by medium and low-end servers. RISC's English name is "Reduced InstrucTIon Set Computer", which is a "reduced instruction set computer", which is a microprocessor that executes fewer types of computer instructions. It originated from the MIPS host (ie RISC machine) in the 1980s, in RISC machines. The microprocessors used are collectively referred to as RISC processors. In this way, it can perform operations at a faster rate (more than one million instructions per second, or MIPS). Because the computer requires additional transistors and circuit components to execute each instruction type, the larger the computer instruction set, the more complex the microprocessor and the slower the execution. 1. Command system CISC The computer's instruction system is quite rich, with dedicated instructions to perform specific functions. Therefore, it is more efficient to handle special tasks. RISC Designers focus on the instructions that are often used, making them as simple and efficient as possible. For functions that are not commonly used, they are often completed by combining instructions. Therefore, when implementing special functions on a RISC machine, the efficiency may be lower. But it can be improved and compensated by using water-flow technology and superscalar technology. 2, memory operation CISC The machine has many memory operation instructions and operates directly. RISC There are restrictions on memory operations to simplify control. 3, the program CISC Assembly language programming is relatively simple, and the design of scientific computing and complex operations is relatively easy and efficient. RISC Assembly language programs generally require a large memory space. When special functions are implemented, the program is complicated and difficult to design. 4, interrupt CISC The machine responds to an interrupt after the execution of an instruction. RISC The machine can respond to interrupts where appropriate in the execution of an instruction. 5, CPU CISC The CPU contains a large number of circuit units, so it has strong functions, large area, and large power consumption. RISC The CPU contains fewer unit circuits, resulting in a smaller area and lower power consumption. 6, design cycle CISC The microprocessor has a complicated structure and a long design cycle. RISC The microprocessor is simple in structure, compact in layout, short in design cycle, and easy to use the latest technology. 7, the user uses CISC The microprocessor is complex in structure, powerful in function, and easy to implement special functions. RISC The microprocessor has a simple structure, regular instructions, easy to grasp performance, easy to learn and use. 8, the scope of application CISC The machine is more suitable for general purpose machines. RISC Since the determination of the RISC instruction system is related to a specific application area, the RISC machine is more suitable for a dedicated machine. We often talk about "PC" and "Macintosh", but how many people know that the Intel X86-based PC series is based on the CISC architecture, while Apple's Macintosh is based on the RISC architecture, CISC and What is the difference between RISC? From a hardware perspective, CISC handles a unequal-length instruction set, which must split the unequal-length instructions, so more processing is required when executing a single instruction. The RISC executes the isometric reduced instruction set, and the CPU executes the instructions faster and with stable performance. Therefore, RISC is obviously superior to CISC in parallel processing. RISC can execute multiple instructions at the same time. It can split an instruction into several processes or threads and execute them simultaneously by multiple processors. Because RISC implements a reduced instruction set, its manufacturing process is simple and inexpensive. From a software perspective, CISC runs the DOS and Windows operating systems that we are familiar with. And it has a lot of applications. Because more than 65% of the world's software vendors are based on CISC architecture-based PCs and their compatible machines, such a well-known Microsoft is one of them. And RISC seems to be somewhat weak in this regard. Although DOS and Windows can be run on RISC, but a translation process is required, so it runs much slower. At present, CISC and RISC are gradually merging. PenTIum Pro, Nx586 and K5 are the most obvious examples. Their cores are based on RISC architecture. They accept the CISC instruction and classify it into RISC instructions to be able to execute multiple instructions in a single time. It can be seen that the next-generation CPU will combine the two technologies of CISC and RISC, and the two will learn from each other in terms of software and hardware.
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